Вестник Волгоградского государственного университета. Серия 4: История. Регионоведение. Международные отношения1998-99382312-870410.15688/jvolsu4.2024.1.19OtherСанкционная политика США на латиноамериканском направлении: кейсы официальных нарративов в отношении Кубы, Венесуэлы и НикарагуаUS Sanctions Policy Towards Latin America: Cases of Official Narratives on Cuba, Venezuela, and NicaraguaСокольщикЛев МарковичSokolshchikLev M.lsokolshchik@hse.ru0000-0002-0945-1022СокольщикЮлия СергеевнаSokolshchikYulia S.yulia.sokolshchik@yandex.ru0000-0003-3341-064XТеремецкийКирилл СергеевичTeremetskiyKirill S.kteremetskiy@hse.ru0009-0005-0013-5954HSE University, Moscow (Russian Federatoon)Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики» (г. Москва, Российская Федерация)Independent Researcher (Moscow, Russian Federatoon)Независимый исследователь (г. Москва, Российская Федерация)HSE University (Moscow, Russian Federatoon)Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики» (г. Москва, Российская Федерация)110320242912142240109202315112023https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/CC BY 4.0

Введение. В работе исследуется вопрос эффективности санкционной политики США на латиноамериканском направлении на основе анализа трех кейсов ограничительных мер против Кубы, Венесуэлы и Никарагуа. Анализируется корреляция между целями внешней политики США и интерпретацией наличествующих результатов санкций, содержащейся в официальном нарративе. Исследование показывает, что с точки зрения заявляемых целей демократизации и защиты прав человека санкции США являются неэффективными. Методы и материалы. Исследование основано на теории конструктивизма в международных отношениях, а также в значительной степени – на теоретических разработках Г. Хафбауэра. В работе применяются агентоцентричный и региональный подходы. Анализ и результаты. Исследование показывает, что внешнеполитический нарратив США вуалирует эрозию американской гегемонии в регионе. Международные отношения описываются США как соперничество «демократии» и «автократии» в глобальном масштабе. Мотивы защиты прав человека и демократии используются США для оправдания санкций против ряда латиноамериканских стран, в том числе для ослабления их связей с Россией и Китаем. Вклад авторов. Л.М. Сокольщик и Ю.С. Сокольщик разработали структуру исследования, содержание статьи и осуществили ее общенаучное редактирование. К.С. Теремецкий внес вклад в поиск официальных источников и их анализ. Авторы совместно подготовили содержание и результаты исследования.

Introduction. The following article examines the effectiveness of US sanctions on Latin America by analyzing three cases of restrictive measures against Cuba, Venezuela, and Nicaragua. The correlation between US foreign policy goals and the interpretation of the existing sanctions results containing the official narrative is analyzed. This study shows that, from the point of view of promoting democratization and protecting human rights, US sanctions are ineffective. Methods and materials. The following research utilizes a constructivist approach when analyzing international relations. To a greater extent, this work is based on the theoretical approaches of Professor G. Hufbauer. Analysis and results. The following study additionally reveals that the US foreign policy narrative covers the erosion of US hegemony in Latin America. Within this narrative, international relations are described as a global rivalry between “democracy” and “autocracy.” The United States uses motives for protecting human rights and democracy to justify sanctions against several Latin American countries and also weaken ties with Russia and China. Author’s contributions. L. Sokolshchik and Yu. Sokolshchik developed the research design in addition to writing its content and general scientific editing. K. Teremetskiy made a contribution to the search for official sources and their analysis. The authors jointly analyzed all the content and results of the research.

Соединенные Штаты АмерикиЛатинская АмерикаКубаВенесуэлаНикарагуа,санкцииофициальный нарративUnited States of AmericaLatin AmericaCubaVenezuelaNicaraguasanctionsofficial narrativeИсследование выполнено за счет гранта Российского научного фонда № 22-78-10014, https:// rscf.ru/project/22-78-10014/The research was supported by RSF (project No. 22-78-10014, https://rscf.ru/project/22-78-10014/)Address to the Nation on United States Policy Toward Cuba, 2014, December 17. URL: https:// www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/address-thenation-united-states-policy-toward-cubaAdopting Annual Resolution, Delegates in General Assembly Urge Immediate Repeal of Embargo on Cuba, Especially amid Mounting Global Food, Fuel Crises, 2022, November 3. URL: https:// press.un.org/en/2022/ga12465.doc.htmAmador S. Democratization a Comparative Analysis of Lifted Economic Sanctions in Cuba and Burma. 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URL: https://www.whitehouse. gov/ briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/07/22/factsheet-biden-harris-administration-measures-on-cuba/Blocking Property of Certain Persons Contributing to the Situation in Nicaragua, 2018, November 27. URL: https://www.federalregister.gov/ documents/2018/11/29/2018-26156/blocking-property-ofcertain-persons-contributing-to-the-situation-in-nicaraguaBrands H. America’s War for Global Order Is a Marathon. Foreign Policy, 2022, January 25. URL: https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/01/25/americas-warfor-global-order-is-a-marathon/Country Reports on Terrorism 2020: Cuba. URL: https://2017- https://www.state.gov/reports/ country-reports-on-terrorism-2020/cuba/#:~:text= Overview%3A%20Cuba%20was%20designated% 20as,guerrilla%20groups% 20and%20individual %20terroristsCrowley M., Kurmanaev A. Trump Imposes New Sanctions on Venezuela. The New York Times, 2019, August 6. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/2019/ 08/06/us/politics/venezuela-embargo-sanctions.htmlEarly B.R., Preble K.A. Enforcing US Economic Sanctions: Why Whale Hunting Works? The Washington Quarterly, 2020, vol. 43, iss. 1, pp. 159-175. DOI: https:// doi.org/10.1080/0163660X.2020.1736881Executive Order on Taking Additional Steps to Address the National Emergency With Respect to the Situation in Nicaragua, 2022, October 24. URL: https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/ presidential-actions/2022/10/24/executive-order-ontaking-additional-steps-to-address-the-nationalemergency-with-respect-to-the-situation-in-nicaragua/ #:~:text=BIDEN%20JR.%2C%20President%20of% 20the,Section%201Foreign Assistance Act. URL: https:// www.congress.gov/105/plaws/publ118/PLAW105publ118.htmGearan A., Faiola A. Trump Tightens Venezuela’s Access to U.S. Financial System. The Washington Post, 2017, August 25. 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