<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Archiving and Interchange DTD with OASIS Tables with MathML3 v1.4 20241031//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/archiving/1.4/JATS-archive-oasis-article1-4-mathml3.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" dtd-version="1.4" article-type="research-article" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник Волгоградского государственного университета. Серия 4: История. Регионоведение. Международные отношения</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1998-9938</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2312-8704</issn></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15688/jvolsu4.2024.1.15</article-id><article-categories><subj-group><subject>Other</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="ru">Вооруженные силы Латинской Америки: силовой потенциал, новые функции и фактор внерегиональных связей</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The Armed Forces of Latin America: The Power Potential, New Functions and the Extraregional Factor</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пятаков</surname><given-names>Андрей Николаевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Piatakov</surname><given-names>Andrey N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><email>anpyatakov@yandex.ru</email><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3934-958X</contrib-id></contrib><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Latin America Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Moscow, Russian Federation)</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт Латинской Америки РАН (г. Москва, Российская Федерация)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>HSE University (Moscow, Russian Federation)</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики» (г. Москва, Российская Федерация)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives></contrib-group><pub-date pub-type="epub" iso-8601-date="2024-03-11"><day>11</day><month>03</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>29</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>169</fpage><lpage>179</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-08-28"><day>28</day><month>08</month><year>2023</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2023-11-15"><day>15</day><month>11</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><license xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:title="CC BY 4.0"><ali:license_ref>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ali:license_ref><license-p xml:lang="ru">CC BY 4.0</license-p></license></permissions><abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Введение. Вооруженные силы стран Латинской Америки как государственный институт сохраняют уверенную динамику развития в XXI веке. Анализ данной проблематики позволяет определить силовой потенциал латиноамериканского региона. Методы и материалы. Исследование основано на различении количественных и качественных аспектов трансформации вооруженных сил латиноамериканского региона. Сквозным методом при анализе обоих аспектов выступает сравнительный метод, позволивший выявить страновые отличия в особенностях функционирования армий и их причины. Количественные параметры представлены в двух ракурсах: национальном и международном. Проведено сопоставление динамики базового количественного параметра – численности вооруженных сил, а также позиционирование армий региона в глобальном масштабе. Статистическую базу исследования составили данные мирового рейтинга вооруженных сил Power Index. Анализ. Практически во всех странах Латинской Америки с начала XXI в. наблюдается тенденция к наращиванию активного военного персонала, что свидетельствует о нарастании милитаризации региона. Данный процесс представляет собой одну из макротенденций, которыми характеризуется актуальное развитие латиноамериканского региона. Результаты. Выделены три группы стран по критерию степени милитаризации: со стабильно высокой динамикой, со среднединамическими показателями и с низкими показателями милитаризации. В мировом рейтинге зафиксированы разнонаправленные колебания пяти крупнейших армий Латинской Америки – Бразилии, Мексики, Аргентины, Перу и Колумбии, входящих в топ-50. Качественные сдвиги в трансформации армий региона в XXI в. состоят в появлении спектра новых нетрадиционных функций. Высказана гипотеза, согласно которой расширение общественнополитических функций военных связано с изменением подходов к безопасности в странах региона. Практически во всех Белых книгах государств региона зафиксирован комплексный подход к безопасности, в рамках которого функции вооруженных сил не сводятся к сугубо оборонительным аспектам, но предполагают высокую степень вовлеченности в общественно-политическую жизнь. Рассмотрение контуров военно-промышленных комплексов латиноамериканских стран дает основание говорить о том, что во многом их потенциал носит ограниченный характер. В свою очередь, это детерминирует зависимость государств региона от импорта военной продукции. Зависимый и периферийный характер региона обусловливает его в качестве рынка военно-технического арсенала стран НАТО.</p></abstract><abstract xml:lang="en" abstract-type="summary"><p>Introduction. As a state institution, the Armed Forces of countries in Latin America maintain certain development dynamics in the 21st century. The analysis of those problems gives an opportunity to determine the armed force potential of the Latin American region. Methods and materials. The study is based on distinguishing between the quantitative and qualitative aspects of the transformation of the Armed Forces of the Latin American region. During the analysis of both aspects, the key methodic role belongs to the comparative method. The quantitative parameters are represented in two aspects: national and international. The dynamics of the basic quantitative parameter, the Armed Forces number, and also the positioning of the armies of that region on the global scale are compared. Analysis. Since the eve of the 21st century, practically all the countries of Latin America have demonstrated a tendency toward the growth of the active military staff, proving the increment of the militarization of the region. That process represents one of the macrotendencies characterizing the actual development of the region. Results. According to the criteria of the militarization degree, three groups of countries are singled out: the stable high dynamics group, the middle dynamics indications group, and the low indications group. In the transformation of regional armies in the 21st century, the qualitative change is the appearance of a spectrum of new non-traditional functions. The hypotheses formulated in the study are the following: “The broadening of the sociopolitical functions of the military is related to the changes in attitudes toward security in the countries of the region.” The scrutiny of the military-industrial complexes of the Latin American countries gives a reason to affirm that their potentiality is mainly restricted in its character. The dependent and peripheric character of the region determines its quality as a market for the NATO countries military-technical arsenal.</p></abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Латинская Америка</kwd><kwd>вооруженные силы</kwd><kwd>военный контингент</kwd><kwd>внерегиональные связи</kwd><kwd>НАТО</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Latin America</kwd><kwd>armed forces</kwd><kwd>military contingent</kwd><kwd>extra-regional relations</kwd><kwd>NATO</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено за счет гранта Российского научного фонда № 22-78-10014, https://rscf.ru/project/22-78-10014/</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The research was supported by RSF (project No. 22-78-10014, https://rscf.ru/project/22-78-10014/)</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><ref id="ref1"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">Манухин А. А. «Новые функции» вооруженных сил в странах Латинской Америки: факты и интерпретации // Исторические исследования. Журнал Исторического факультета МГУ имени М.В. Ломоносова. 2019. № 1 (12). C. 30–41.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref2"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">Манухин А. А. США и вооруженные силы стран Латинской Америки: в поисках новых форм влияния // Россия и Америка в XXI веке. 2019. № 1. С. 14. DOI: 10.18254/S207054760004711-9</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref3"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">Пятаков А. Н. Латинская Америка и НАТО: форматы корреляций в ХХ – первой половине ХХI века // Мировая экономика и международные отношения. 2023. Т. 63, № 1. С. 111–121. DOI: 10.20542/0131-2227-2023-67-1-111-121</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref4"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">Яковлев П. П. Новые горизонты оборонно-промышленного комплекса // Латинская Америка. 2014. № 3. С. 16–31.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref5"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">A Comparative Atlas of Defense in Latin America and Caribbean. 2006–2016 // Latin American Security and Defense Network, RESDAL. URL: https://www.resdal.org/Defence---Atlas.html</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref6"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">Álvarez-Velasco C.-M. Armas de fuego en América Latina: una sociedad sin conflicto, pero sin paz // URVIO. Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios de Seguridad, 2022, Enero-Febrero. URL: https://revistas.flacsoandes.edu.ec/urvio/article/view/4864/3992 doi.org/10.17141/urvio.32.2022.4864</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref7"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">Belozerov V. K., Emelianov A. I., Sidorova G. M. Relaciones cívico-militares en América Latina // Iberoamerica. 2019. № 4. P. 126–148.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref8"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">Calderón E. El militarismo sudamericano tras el velo del COVID-19 // Revista Temas y Debates. Numero especial. Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Argentina. Año 24. Diciembre 2020. P. 397–406. URL: https://temasydebates.unr.edu.ar/index.php/tyd/article/view/516</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref9"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">Cassain D. En el corazón de los mercados de defensa y de seguridad en América Latina. URL: https://www.expodefensa.com.co/es/en-el-corazon-de-los-mercados-de-defensa-y-de-seguridad-en-america-latina/</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref10"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">Castillo P. Perú tiene un ejército más poderoso que el de Ecuador y Chile, según ranking mundial. URL: https://larepublica.pe/mundo/2022/01/18/ranking-2022-de-poderio-militar-peru-posee-el-sexto-ejercito-mas-poderoso-de-america-latina-global-firepower-brasil-estados-unidos-rusia-china</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref11"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">Chevalier Naranjo S. ¿Qué países latinoamericanos importan más armamento militar? URL: https://es.statista.com/grafico/28020/paises-latinoamericanos-con-mas-importaciones-de-armas-y-principal-proveedor/</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref12"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">Diamint R. A New Militarism in Latin America // Journal of Democracy. 2015. Vol. 3, iss. 4. P. 155–168.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref13"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">Diamint R. Predilecciones autoritarias: el papel de los militares en América Latina. URL: https://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/analisis/predilecciones-autoritarias-el-papel-de-los-militares-en-america-latina/</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref14"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">Diamint R. Sin Rumbo. Estrategias de Defensa en América Latina. Universidad Sergio Arboleda. Serie Política. Colombia, 2020. 290 p.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref15"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">El papel de las Fuerzas Armadas en la América Latina del siglo XXI. Coord. Rafael Martínez. Centro de Estudios Políticos y Constitucionales. Madrid, 2022. 510 p.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref16"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">González I. El Ejército mexicano incrementa su poderío militar: escala 11 posiciones en el ranking mundial de Fuerzas Armadas. URL: https://elpais.com/mexico/2023-03-15/el-ejercito-mexicano-incrementa-su-poderio-militar-escala-11-posiciones-en-el-ranking-mundial-de-fuerzas-armadas.html</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref17"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">Hernández Torres T. ¿Cuáles son los ejércitos más poderosos de América Latina? URL: https://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/cuales-son-los-ejercitos-mas-poderosos-de-america-latina-786229</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref18"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">Iwanowski Z.V. Venezuela: crisis sistemática y relaciones cívico-militares // Iberoamerica. 2021. № 3. P. 147–168.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref19"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">Jenne N., Martínez R. Domestic Military Missions in Latin America: Civil-Military Relations and the Perpetuation of Democratic Deficits // European Journal of International Security. 2022. № 7. P. 58–83. DOI: 10.1017/eis.2021.25</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref20"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">La Corporación Latinobarómetro. Informes 2018–2023. URL: https://www.latinobarometro.org/lat.jsp?Idioma=724</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref21"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">Las relaciones de las fuerzas militares y de policía en América Latina / ed. by Vargas Velásquez A. Colombia: Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 2023. 356 p.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref22"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">Manukhin A. A. Militares latinoamericanos entre la derecha y la izquierda // Iberoamerica. 2020. № 1. P. 69–89.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref23"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">Marcella G., Perez J., Fonseca B. Democracy and Security in Latin America. State Capacity and Governance under Stress. New York; London: Routledge, 2022. 220 p.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref24"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">"Mike" Pizarro Jose Miguel. ¿Adquisiciones militares en América Latina? URL: https://www.defensa.com/opinion/adquisiciones-militares-america-latina</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref25"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">Militares y gobernabilidad. Como están cambiando las relaciones cívico-militares en América Latina / ed. by Grabendorff Wolf; Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung en Colombia (Fescol). Bogotá, 2021. 483 p.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref26"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">Militarización, militarismo y democracia: nuevas tendencias en América Latina? / ed. by Robledo Hoecker M., Verdes-Montenegro F. // Fundación Carolina. URL: https://www.fundacioncarolina.es/fundacion-carolina-presenta-el-libro-militarizacion-militarismo-y-democracia-nuevas-tendencias-en-america-latina/</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref27"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">Military Strenght Rating. 2021–2023. URL: https://www.globalfirepower.com/countries-listing.php</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref28"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">Orilla G. Industria naval: la falta de insumos y el alza de costos "traban el crecimiento" del sector. URL: https://www.lanacion.com.ar/economia/industria-naval-la-falta-de-insumos-y-el-alza-de-costos-traban-el-crecimiento-del-sector-nid03022023/</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref29"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">SIPRI Database. Importer/Exporter TIV Tables. Brasil. URL: https://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/values.php</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref30"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">Topolski I. The Military Standing of the Countries in Latin America and the Caribbean Region in the Period Between 2008–2020 // Anuario Latinoamericano Ciencias Políticas y Relaciones Internacionales. 2020. Vol. 9. P. 137–171. DOI: 10.17951/al.2020.9.137-171</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref31"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">Valencia R. La 'Nueva' Fuerza Armada de Nayib Bukele. URL: https://www.divergentes.com/la-nueva-fuerza-armada-de-nayib-bukele/</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref32"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">Manuhin A.A. Novye funkcii vooruzhennyh sil v stranah Latinskoj Ameriki: fakty i interpretacii [The "New Functions" of Armed Forces in Latin American Countries: Facts and Interpretations]. Istoricheskie issledovaniya. Zhurnal Istoricheskogo fakulteta MGU imeni M.V. Lomonosova [Historical Studies. Journal of the History Faculty of Lomonosov Moscow State University], 2019, no. 1 (12), pp. 30-41.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref33"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">Manuhin A.A. SShA i vooruzhyonnye sily stran Latinskoj Ameriki: v poiskah novyh form vliyaniya [The United States and the Latin American Military: In Search for New Forms of Influence]. Rossiya i Amerika v XXI veke [Russia and America in the 21st Century], 2019, no. 1, p. 14. DOI: 10.18254/S207054760004711-9</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref34"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">Pyatakov A.N. Latinskaya Amerika i NATO: formaty korrelyacij v ХХ – pervoj polovine ХХI veka [Latin America and NATO: Correlation Formats in the 20th – First Half of the 21st Century]. Mirovaya ekonomika i mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya [World Economy and International Relations], 2023, vol. 63, no. 1, pp. 111-121. DOI: 10.20542/0131-2227-2023-67-1-111-121</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref35"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">Yakovlev P.P. Novye gorizonty oboronno-promyshlennogo kompleksa [New Horizons of the Military-Industrial Complex]. Latinskaya Amerika [Latin America], 2014, no. 3, pp. 16-31.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref36"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">A Comparative Atlas of Defense in Latin America and Caribbean. 2006–2016. Latin American Security and Defense Network, RESDAL. URL: https://www.resdal.org/Defence---Atlas.html</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref37"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">Álvarez-Velasco С.-M. Armas de fuego en América Latina: una sociedad sin conflicto, pero sin paz. URVIO. Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios de Seguridad, 2022, Enero-Febrero. URL: https://revistas.flacsoandes.edu.ec/urvio/article/view/4864/3992 .doi.org/10.17141/urvio.32.2022.4864</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref38"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">Belozerov V.K., Emelianov A.I., Sidorova G.M. Relaciones cívico-militares en América Latina. Iberoamerica, 2019, no. 4, pp. 126-148.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref39"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">Calderón E. El militarismo sudamericano tras el velo del COVID-19. Revista Temas y Debates. Numero especial. Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Argentina, Año 24, Dic. 2020, pp. 397-406. URL: https://temasydebates.unr.edu.ar/index.php/tyd/article/view/516</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref40"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">Cassain D. En el corazón de los mercados de defensa y de seguridad en América Latina. URL: https://www.expodefensa.com.co/es/en-el-corazon-de-los-mercados-de-defensa-y-de-seguridad-en-america-latina/</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref41"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">Castillo P. Perú tiene un ejército más poderoso que el de Ecuador y Chile, según ranking mundial. URL: https://larepublica.pe/mundo/2022/01/18/ranking-2022-de-poderio-militar-peru-posee-el-sexto-ejercito-mas-poderoso-de-america-latina-global-firepower-brasil-estados-unidos-rusia-china</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref42"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">Chevalier Naranjo S. ¿Qué países latinoamericanos importan más armamento militar? URL: https://es.statista.com/grafico/28020/paises-latinoamericanos-con-mas-importaciones-de-armas-y-principal-proveedor/</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref43"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">Diamint R. A New Militarism In Latin America. Journal of Democracy, 2015, vol. 3, iss. 4, pp. 155-168.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref44"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">Diamint R. Predilecciones autoritarias: el papel de los militares en América Latina. URL: https://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/analisis/predilecciones-autoritarias-el-papel-de-los-militares-en-america-latina/</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref45"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">Diamint R. Sin Rumbo. Estrategias de Defensa en América Latina. Universidad Sergio Arboleda. Serie Política. Colombia, 2020. 290 p.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref46"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">El papel de las Fuerzas Armadas en la América Latina del siglo XXI. Coord. Rafael Martínez. Centro de Estudios Políticos y Constitucionales. Madrid, 2022. 510 p.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref47"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">González I. El Ejército mexicano incrementa su poderío militar: escala 11 posiciones en el ranking mundial de Fuerzas Armadas. URL: https://elpais.com/mexico/2023-03-15/el-ejercito-mexicano-incrementa-su-poderio-militar-escala-11-posiciones-en-el-ranking-mundial-de-fuerzas-armadas.html</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref48"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">Hernández Torres T. ¿Cuáles son los ejércitos más poderosos de América Latina? URL: https://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/cuales-son-los-ejercitos-mas-poderosos-de-america-latina-786229</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref49"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">Iwanowski Z.V. Venezuela: crisis sistemática y relaciones cívico-militares. Iberoamerica, 2021, no. 3, pp. 147-168.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref50"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">Jenne N., Martínez R. Domestic Military Missions in Latin America: Civil-Military Relations and the Perpetuation of Democratic Deficits. European Journal of International Security, 2022, no. 7, pp. 58-83. DOI: 10.1017/eis.2021.25</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref51"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">La Corporación Latinobarómetro. Informes 2018–2023. URL: https://www.latinobarometro.org/lat.jsp?Idioma=724</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref52"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">Vargas Velásquez A., ed. Las relaciones de las fuerzas militares y de policía en América Latina. Colombia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 2023. 356 p.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref53"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">Manukhin A.A. Militares latinoamericanos entre la derecha y la izquierda. Iberoamerica, 2020, no. 1, pp. 69-89.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref54"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">Marcella G., Perez J., Fonseca B. Democracy and Security in Latin America. State Capacity and Governance Under Stress. New York, London, Routledge, 2022. 220 p.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref55"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">"Mike" Pizarro Jose Miguel. ¿Adquisiciones militares en América Latina? URL: https://www.defensa.com/opinion/adquisiciones-militares-america-latina</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref56"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">Grabendorff W., ed. Militares y gobernabilidad. Como están cambiando las relaciones cívico-militares en América Latina. Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung en Colombia (Fescol), Bogotá, Sept. 2021. 483 p.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref57"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">Robledo Hoecker M., Verdes-Montenegro F., eds. Militarización, militarismo y democracia: nuevas tendencias en América Latina? Fundación Carolina. URL: https://www.fundacioncarolina.es/fundacion-carolina-presenta-el-libro-militarizacion-militarismo-y-democracia-nuevas-tendencias-en-america-latina/</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref58"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">Military Strength Rating. 2021–2023. URL: https://www.globalfirepower.com/countries-listing.php</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref59"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">Orilla G. Industria naval: la falta de insumos y el alza de costos "traban el crecimiento" del sector. URL: https://www.lanacion.com.ar/economia/industria-naval-la-falta-de-insumos-y-el-alza-de-costos-traban-el-crecimiento-del-sector-nid03022023/</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref60"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">SIPRI Database. Importer/Exporter TIV Tables. Brasil. URL: https://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/values.php</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref61"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">Topolski I. The Military Standing of the Countries in Latin America and the Caribbean Region in the Period Between 2008–2020. Anuario Latinoamericano Ciencias Políticas y Relaciones Internacionales, 2020, vol. 9, pp. 137-171. DOI: 10.17951/al.2020.9.137-171</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref62"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">Valencia R. La 'Nueva' Fuerza Armada de Nayib Bukele. URL: https://www.divergentes.com/la-nueva-fuerza-armada-de-nayib-bukele/</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
