Вестник Волгоградского государственного университета. Серия 4: История. Регионоведение. Международные отношения1998-99382312-870410.15688/jvolsu4.2024.1.7OtherАмериканский неоколониализм на советском экране (на материале кинофильмов о Латинской Америке)American Neocolonialism on the Soviet Cinema Screen (Based on Films About Latin America)КлещенкоЛюдмила ЛеонидовнаKleshchenkoLiudmila L.ludmila.popova2011@yandex.ru0000-0002-4172-6583Herzen University (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation)Российский государственный педагогический университет им. А.И. Герцена (г. Санкт-Петербург, Российская Федерация)1103202429177863108202315112023https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/CC BY 4.0

Актуальность темы обусловлена тем, что в настоящее время понятия колониализма и неоколониализма возвращаются в официальный российский политический дискурс. В статье исследовано, как кинорепрезентации борьбы против американского неоколониализма в Латинской Америке используются в конструировании образа американского врага в контексте холодной войны, что определяет новизну настоящей работы. Материалами послужили советские художественные и документальные кинофильмы о Латинской Америке. Автор приходит к следующим выводам. Образы неоколониальной эксплуатации Латинской Америки вносили вклад в создание образа американского врага, способствуя наделению его такими чертами, как аморальность, алчность, жестокость, презрение к населению третьего мира. Кроме того, образы Латинской Америки и борьбы ее народов против неоколониализма использовались в политике советской идентичности: демонстрация солидарности с народами Латинской Америки поддерживала образ СССР как лидера освободительной борьбы против (нео)колониализма. Образы бедственного положения стран, в которых все еще остаются у власти силы, идентифицируемые как приспешники американского неоколониализма, легитимировали борьбу против проамериканских правительств в Латинской Америке. Кинофильмы о кубинской и никарагуанской революциях выполняли функции предсказания победы над неоколониализмом в регионе в частности и американским врагом в холодной войне в целом.

The scientific relevance of the topic is due to the fact that the concepts of colonialism and neocolonialism are currently becoming part of the official Russian political discourse. The article examines how film representations of the struggle against American neocolonialism in Latin America are used to create the image of the American enemy in the context of the Cold War, which determines the novelty of this work. Methods and materials. The article is based on Soviet features and documentary films about Latin America. Analysis and results. The author comes to the following conclusions: images of neocolonial exploitation of Latin America contributed to the creation of the image of the American enemy, endowing it with such features as immorality, greed, cruelty, and contempt for the population of the Third World. In addition, the images of Latin America and the struggle of its population against neocolonialism were used in the politics of Soviet identity. A demonstration of solidarity with the people of Latin America maintained the image of the USSR as the leader of the liberation struggle against (neo)colonialism. The struggle against pro-American governments in Latin America acquired legitimacy through images of the plight of the countries ruled by powers accomplishing American neocolonialism. Films about the Cuban and Nicaraguan revolutions served to predict victory over neocolonialism in the region in particular and the American enemy in the Cold War in general.

неоколониализмхолодная войнаобраз врагасоветский кинематографЛатинская Америкавнешняя политика США в Латинской АмерикеneocolonialismCold Warimage of the enemySoviet cinematographyLatin AmericaU.S. foreign policy in Latin AmericaРабота выполнена при поддержке Российского научного фонда по гранту № 22-18-00305 «Образы врага в массовой культуре холодной войны: содержание, современная рецепция и использование в символической политике России и США», https://rscf.ru/ project/22-18-00305/ (РГПУ им. А.И. Герцена, СанктПетербург).This work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation under Grant No. 22-18-00305 ‘The images of enemy in Cold War popular culture: their content, contemporary reception and usage in Russian and U.S. symbolic politics’, https://rscf.ru/en/project/ 22-18-00305/ (Herzen University, St. Petersburg).Baichorov A.M. Neokolonializm i mezhdunarodnyi terrorizm [Neocolonialism and International Terrorism]. Minsk, University Publishing House, 1985. 160 p.Bokeriya S.A., Davidchuk A.S., Degterev D.A., Dubrovskiy I.R., Zhuravleva E.V., Enokyan A.V., Ivkina N.V., Nikulin M.A., Kassaye Nigusie W.M., Shpakovskaya M.A. Soviet Studies of Neocolonialism. Vestnik Rossiiskogo universiteta druzhby narodov. Seriia: Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniia [Vestnik RUDN. International Relations], 2022, no. 22 (4), pp. 671-687. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22363/2313-0660-2022-22-4-671-687Chernorutskaia L.I. Latinskaia Amerika v borbe za ekonomicheskoe osvobozhdenie [Latin America in the Struggle for Economic Liberation]. Moscow, International Relations Publishing House, 1975. 77 p.Fedorov A.V. Transformatsii obraza Rossii na zapadnom ekrane: ot epokhi ideologicheskoi konfrontatsii (1946–1991) do sovremennogo etapa (1992–2015) [Transformation of the Image of Russia on the Western Screen: From the Era of Ideological Confrontation (1946–1991) to the Modern Stage (1992–2015)]. Moscow, Publishing house of the NGO “Information for all”, 2015. 221 p.Fedoseev P.N., Afanasev V.G. Nauchnyi kommunizm: uchebnik dlia vuzov [Scientific Communism. Textbook for Universities]. Moscow, Politizdat, 1982. 431 p.Gromyko A.A., Vinokurov Iu.N., eds. SSSR v borbe protiv kolonializma i neokolonializma. 1960 – mart 1986. Dokumenty i materialy. V 2 t. T. 1. MID SSSR [The USSR in the Struggle Against Colonialism and Neocolonialism. 1960 – March 1986. Documents and Materials. In 2 Vols. Vol. 1. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the USSR]. Moscow, Politizdat, 1986. 543 p.Heed T., Kubyshkin A.I. Armageddon: Comparative Images of the Nuclear Conflict Between the United States and the Soviet Union in American Cinema. Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya 4. Istoriya. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya [Science Journal of Volgograd State University. History. Area Studies. International Relations], 2019, vol. 24, no. 5, pp. 250-258. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2019.5.18Kalatozov M., director. Ya – Kuba: dok. film [I Am Cuba. Documentary]. Released in 1964.Karmen R., director. Pylayushchiy kontinent: dok. film: v 2 ser. [Blazing Continent. Documentary. In 2 Series]. Released in 1972.Karmen R., director. Pylayushchiy ostrov: dok. film [Blazing Island. Documentary]. Released in 1961.Kirichenko V.P., Tarasov K.S. S imperskikh pozitsii (neokolonializm SShA v Latinskoi Amerike) [From Imperial Positions (Neocolonialism of the USA in Latin America)]. Kiev, Publishing House of Political Literature, 1984. 154 p.Kleshchenko L.L. Kuba v sovetskom i amerikanskom kinematografe kholodnoi voiny. Sravnitelnyi analiz [Cuba in Soviet and American Cold War Cinema. Comparative Analysis]. Latinskaia Amerika [Latin America], 2021, no. 8, pp. 92-101. DOI: 10.31857/S0044748X0012853-7Kleshchenko L.L., Riabova T.B. «Kuba – liubov moia»: simvolizm muzhskogo i zhenskogo v sovetskikh reprezentatsiiakh Ostrova svobody [“Cuba Is My Love”: The Symbolism of Male and Female in the Soviet Representations of the Island of Freedom]. Zhenshchina v rossiskom obshchestve [Woman in Russian Society], 2022, no. 4, pp. 33-47. DOI: 10.21064/WinRS.2022.4.4Kmit I., director. Ego zovut Lucho: dok. film [His Name Is Lucho. Documentary]. Released in 1974.Koltunov G., director. Chernaya chayka: film [The Black Seagull. Film]. Released in 1962.Lavrova T., director. Nikaragua: krakh diktatury: dok. film: v 2 ch. [Nicaragua: The Collapse of the Dictatorship. Documentary. In 2 Pts.]. Released in 1979.Lisitsian T., director. Na granatovykh ostrovakh: film [On the Pomegranate Islands. Film]. Released in 1981.Materialy XXIV Sieezda KPSS [Materials of the 24th Congress of the CPSU]. Мoscow, Publishing House of Political Literature, 1971. 320 p.Materialy XXVII Sieezda KPSS [Materials of the 27th Congress of the CPSU]. Мoscow, Publishing House of Political Literature, 1986. 352 p.Pravda, 1974, Jan. 31.Pugachev B., director. Neocolonialism – vrag narodov: film [Neocolonialism Is the Enemy of Nations. Film]. Released in 1984.Programma KPSS, 1961 [The Program of the CPSU, 1961]. URL: http://museumreforms.ru/node/13891.Programma KPSS, 1986 [The Program of the CPSU, 1986]. URL: http://xn--e1aaejmenocxq.xn--p1ai/node/14030Riabova T.B., Riabov O.V. Obrazy detstva i detei v simvolicheskoi politike [The Images of Childhood and Children in the Symbolic Politics]. Politicheskaya ekspertiza: POLITEKS [Political Expertise: POLITEX]. Saint Petersburg, 2019, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 417-434. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu23.2019.307Riabov O.V. Kinoobrazy vraga v simvolicheskoi politike: metodologiia issledovaniia [Cinema Images of the Enemy in Symbolic Politics: Research Methodology]. Riabov O.V., Belov S.I., Davydova O.S., Kubyshkin A.I., Riabov D.O., Riabova T.B., Smirnov D.G., Sputnitskaia N.Iu., Iudin K.A. Vrag nomer odin v simvolicheskoi politike kinematografii SSSR i SShA perioda kholodnoi voiny [Enemy Number One in the Symbolic Politics of the Cinematographies of the USSR and the USA During the Cold War]. Moscow, Aspect press, 2023. 400 p.Shaw T. Hollywood’s Cold War. Amherst, Univ. of Mass. Press., 2007. 352 p.Shchetinin V.B. Evoliutsiia amerikanskogo neokolonializma. Kritika teorii i praktiki neokolonialistskogo «partnerstva» [The Evolution of American Neocolonialism. Criticism of the Theory and Practice of the Neo-Colonialist “Partnership”]. Moscow, International Relations Publishing House, 1972. 272 p.Sputnitskaya N.Yu. Obrazy vraga v animatsionnom kino [Images of the Enemy in an Animated Movie]. Riabov O.V., Belov S.I., Davydova O.S., Kubyshkin A.I., Riabov D.O., Riabova T.B., Smirnov D.G., Sputnitskaia N.Iu., Iudin K.A. Vrag nomer odin v simvolicheskoi politike kinematografii SSSR i SShA perioda kholodnoi voiny [Enemy Number One in the Symbolic Politics of the Cinematographies of the USSR and the USA During the Cold War]. Moscow, Aspect press, 2023. 400 p.Sudarev V.P. Vzaimozavisimost i konflikt interesov: SShA i Latinskaia Amerika (vtoraia polovina XX veka) [Interdependence and the Conflict of Interests: The USA and Latin America (The Second Half of the 20th Century]. Moscow, ILA RAN, 2000. 360 p.Summary Guidelines Paper. United States Policy Toward Latin America. Washington, 1961, July 3. URL: https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v12/d15Sammit Rossiia – Afrika [Russia – Africa Summit]. URL: http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/71826Vizitei G., director. Nikaragua. Reshimost pobedit: film [Nicaragua: The Determination to Win. Film]. Released in 1983.Westad O.A. The Global Cold War Third World Interventions and the Making of Our Times. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2007. 498 p.Žalakevičius V., director. Eto sladkoe slovo – svoboda!: film [That Sweet Word: Liberty! Film]. Released in 1973.Baichorov A.M. Neokolonializm i mezhdunarodnyi terrorizm [Neocolonialism and International Terrorism]. Minsk, University Publishing House, 1985. 160 p.Bokeriya S.A., Davidchuk A.S., Degterev D.A., Dubrovskiy I.R., Zhuravleva E.V., Enokyan A.V., Ivkina N.V., Nikulin M.A., Kassaye Nigusie W.M., Shpakovskaya M.A. Soviet Studies of Neocolonialism. Vestnik Rossiiskogo universiteta druzhby narodov. Seriia: Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniia [Vestnik RUDN. International Relations], 2022, no. 22 (4), pp. 671-687. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22363/2313-0660-2022-22-4-671-687Chernorutskaia L.I. Latinskaia Amerika v borbe za ekonomicheskoe osvobozhdenie [Latin America in the Struggle for Economic Liberation]. Moscow, International Relations Publishing House, 1975. 77 p.Fedorov A.V. Transformatsii obraza Rossii na zapadnom ekrane: ot epokhi ideologicheskoi konfrontatsii (1946–1991) do sovremennogo etapa (1992–2015) [Transformation of the Image of Russia on the Western Screen: From the Era of Ideological Confrontation (1946–1991) to the Modern Stage (1992–2015)]. Moscow, Publishing house of the NGO “Information for all”, 2015. 221 p.Fedoseev P.N., Afanasev V.G. Nauchnyi kommunizm: uchebnik dlia vuzov [Scientific Communism. Textbook for Universities]. Moscow, Politizdat, 1982. 431 p.Gromyko A.A., Vinokurov Iu.N., eds. SSSR v borbe protiv kolonializma i neokolonializma. 1960 – mart 1986. Dokumenty i materialy. V 2 t. T. 1. MID SSSR [The USSR in the Struggle Against Colonialism and Neocolonialism. 1960 – March 1986. Documents and Materials. In 2 Vols. Vol. 1. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the USSR]. Moscow, Politizdat, 1986. 543 p.Heed T., Kubyshkin A.I. Armageddon: Comparative Images of the Nuclear Conflict Between the United States and the Soviet Union in American Cinema. Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya 4. Istoriya. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya [Science Journal of Volgograd State University. History. Area Studies. International Relations], 2019, vol. 24, no. 5, pp. 250-258. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2019.5.18Kalatozov M., director. Ya – Kuba: dok. film [I Am Cuba. Documentary]. Released in 1964.Karmen R., director. Pylayushchiy kontinent: dok. film: v 2 ser. [Blazing Continent. Documentary. In 2 Series]. Released in 1972.Karmen R., director. Pylayushchiy ostrov: dok. film [Blazing Island. Documentary]. Released in 1961.Kirichenko V.P., Tarasov K.S. S imperskikh pozitsii (neokolonializm SShA v Latinskoi Amerike) [From Imperial Positions (Neocolonialism of the USA in Latin America)]. Kiev, Publishing House of Political Literature, 1984. 154 p.Kleshchenko L.L. Kuba v sovetskom i amerikanskom kinematografe kholodnoi voiny. Sravnitelnyi analiz [Cuba in Soviet and American Cold War Cinema. Comparative Analysis]. Latinskaia Amerika [Latin America], 2021, no. 8, pp. 92-101. DOI: 10.31857/S0044748X0012853-7Kleshchenko L.L., Riabova T.B. «Kuba – liubov moia»: simvolizm muzhskogo i zhenskogo v sovetskikh reprezentatsiiakh Ostrova svobody [“Cuba Is My Love”: The Symbolism of Male and Female in the Soviet Representations of the Island of Freedom]. Zhenshchina v rossiskom obshchestve [Woman in Russian Society], 2022, no. 4, pp. 33-47. DOI: 10.21064/WinRS.2022.4.4Kmit I., director. Ego zovut Lucho: dok. film [His Name Is Lucho. Documentary]. Released in 1974.Koltunov G., director. Chernaya chayka: film [The Black Seagull. Film]. Released in 1962.Lavrova T., director. Nikaragua: krakh diktatury: dok. film: v 2 ch. [Nicaragua: The Collapse of the Dictatorship. Documentary. In 2 Pts.]. Released in 1979.Lisitsian T., director. Na granatovykh ostrovakh: film [On the Pomegranate Islands. Film]. Released in 1981.Materialy XXIV Sieezda KPSS [Materials of the 24th Congress of the CPSU]. Мoscow, Publishing House of Political Literature, 1971. 320 p.Materialy XXVII Sieezda KPSS [Materials of the 27th Congress of the CPSU]. Мoscow, Publishing House of Political Literature, 1986. 352 p.Pravda, 1974, Jan. 31.Pugachev B., director. Neocolonialism – vrag narodov: film [Neocolonialism Is the Enemy of Nations. Film]. Released in 1984.Programma KPSS, 1961 [The Program of the CPSU, 1961]. URL: http://museumreforms.ru/node/13891.Programma KPSS, 1986 [The Program of the CPSU, 1986]. URL: http://xn--e1aaejmenocxq.xn--p1ai/node/14030Riabova T.B., Riabov O.V. Obrazy detstva i detei v simvolicheskoi politike [The Images of Childhood and Children in the Symbolic Politics]. Politicheskaya ekspertiza: POLITEKS [Political Expertise: POLITEX]. Saint Petersburg, 2019, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 417-434. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu23.2019.307Riabov O.V. Kinoobrazy vraga v simvolicheskoi politike: metodologiia issledovaniia [Cinema Images of the Enemy in Symbolic Politics: Research Methodology]. Riabov O.V., Belov S.I., Davydova O.S., Kubyshkin A.I., Riabov D.O., Riabova T.B., Smirnov D.G., Sputnitskaia N.Iu., Iudin K.A. Vrag nomer odin v simvolicheskoi politike kinematografii SSSR i SShA perioda kholodnoi voiny [Enemy Number One in the Symbolic Politics of the Cinematographies of the USSR and the USA During the Cold War]. Moscow, Aspect press, 2023. 400 p.Shaw T. Hollywood’s Cold War. Amherst, Univ. of Mass. Press., 2007. 352 p.Shchetinin V.B. Evoliutsiia amerikanskogo neokolonializma. Kritika teorii i praktiki neokolonialistskogo «partnerstva» [The Evolution of American Neocolonialism. Criticism of the Theory and Practice of the Neo-Colonialist “Partnership”]. Moscow, International Relations Publishing House, 1972. 272 p.Sputnitskaya N.Yu. Obrazy vraga v animatsionnom kino [Images of the Enemy in an Animated Movie]. Riabov O.V., Belov S.I., Davydova O.S., Kubyshkin A.I., Riabov D.O., Riabova T.B., Smirnov D.G., Sputnitskaia N.Iu., Iudin K.A. Vrag nomer odin v simvolicheskoi politike kinematografii SSSR i SShA perioda kholodnoi voiny [Enemy Number One in the Symbolic Politics of the Cinematographies of the USSR and the USA During the Cold War]. Moscow, Aspect press, 2023. 400 p.Sudarev V.P. Vzaimozavisimost i konflikt interesov: SShA i Latinskaia Amerika (vtoraia polovina XX veka) [Interdependence and the Conflict of Interests: The USA and Latin America (The Second Half of the 20th Century]. Moscow, ILA RAN, 2000. 360 p.Summary Guidelines Paper. United States Policy Toward Latin America. Washington, 1961, July 3. URL: https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v12/d15Sammit Rossiia – Afrika [Russia – Africa Summit]. URL: http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/71826Vizitei G., director. Nikaragua. Reshimost pobedit: film [Nicaragua: The Determination to Win. Film]. Released in 1983.Westad O.A. The Global Cold War Third World Interventions and the Making of Our Times. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2007. 498 p.Žalakevičius V., director. Eto sladkoe slovo – svoboda!: film [That Sweet Word: Liberty! Film]. Released in 1973.