1998-99382312-8704Вестник Волгоградского государственного университета. Серия 4: История. Регионоведение. Международные отношения10.15688/jvolsu4.2024.2.14Основные препятствия для публичной дипломатии ЕС в КитаеThe Main Obstacles to EU Public Diplomacy in ChinaМарчуковАлександр НиколаевичМарчуковАлександр НиколаевичMarchukovAlexander N.0000-0002-6416-6371МорарьКристина АндреевнаМорарьКристина АндреевнаMorariCristina A.0009-0000-3201-3402HSE University (Moscow, Russian Federation)Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики» (г. Москва, Российская Федерация)Moldova State University (Chisinau, Moldova)Молдавский государственный университет (г. Кишинев, Молдова)070520242921571660103202323062023CC BY 4.0

Введение. Данная статья посвящена ключевым препятствиям, которые oсложняют реализацию программ публичной дипломатии Европейского союза в Китае. Актуальность данного исследования обусловлена существующим стремлением Брюсселя значительно усилить свое политическое влияние не только в соседних с ЕС странах, но и в Азиатско-Тихоокеанском регионе. Методы. Методологической основой исследования выступает социальный конструктивизм (концепт «нормативной силы» ЕС), придающий особое значение нормам в международных отношениях. Эмпирической базой исследования служат официальные документы ЕС, экспертные доклады и публикации российских и зарубежных ученых. Анализ. В статье исследованы основные акторы и направления публичной дипломатии Евросоюза в Китае. Проанализировано влияние ограничительных мер со стороны китайского правительства на публичную дипломатию ЕС, а также внешнеполитическая стратегия Евросоюза по отношению к Китаю. Результаты. Публичная дипломатия Европейского союза в Китае сталкивается с целым рядом различных вызовов: административными барьерами со стороны китайского правительства; амбивалентностью внешнеполитического курса ЕС по отношению к Китаю; изъянами существующей системы публичной дипломатии ЕС (недостатком финансовых и кадровых ресурсов, а также «посредственной» оценкой результативности программ публичной дипломатии). По мнению авторов, приверженность политических элит ЕС определенным ценностям и нормам, составляющим его «нормативную силу», создает серьезные проблемы для публичной дипломатии Евросоюза в Китае. Вклад авторов. К.А. Морарь выявила ключевые акторы и направления публичной дипломатии Евросоюза в Китае. А.Н. Марчуков выделил основные препятствия, которые мешают попыткам Брюсселя «завоевать сердца и умы» китайской общественности.

Introduction. The article is devoted to the key obstacles that complicate the implementation of public diplomacy programmes of the European Union in China. The relevance of this study is due to the existing efforts of Brussels to significantly strengthen its political influence not only in the countries neighbouring the EU but also in the Asia-Pacific region. Methods. The methodological basis of the research is social constructivism (the concept of “Normative Power Europe”), which pays great attention to norms in international relations. The empirical basis of the study involves official EU documents, expert reports and publications of Russian and foreign scholars. Analysis. The article examines the main actors and areas of public diplomacy of the European Union in China. The impact of restrictive measures by the Chinese government on EU public diplomacy as well as the EU foreign policy strategy towards China are analyzed. Results. In China, the EU’s public diplomacy faces a set of different challenges: administrative barriers from the Chinese government; ambivalence of the EU’s foreign policy towards China; the shortcomings of the existing EU public diplomacy system (lack of financial and human resources as well as a “mediocre” assessment of the effectiveness of public diplomacy programmes). According to the authors, the commitment of the EU political elites to certain values and norms that constitute “Normative Power Europe” creates serious challenges for the implementation of the EU’s public diplomacy in China. Authors’ contribution. K.A. Morari identified key actors and areas of public diplomacy of the European Union in China. In addition, A.N. Marchukov highlighted the main obstacles that hinder Brussels’ attempts to “win the hearts and minds” of the Chinese public.

публичная дипломатияцифровая дипломатиякультурная дипломатиянорматив-ная силавнешняя политикаЕвропейский союзКитайpublic diplomacydigital diplomacycultural diplomacynormative powerforeign policyEuropean UnionChinaAbratis J. Communicating Europe Abroad: EU Delegations and Public Diplomacy. Los Angeles, Figueroa Press, 2021. 62 p.Baumler B. EU Public Diplomacy: Adapting to an Ever-Changing World. Los Angeles, Figueroa Press, 2019. 54 p.Beniuc L., Beniuc V. The Public Diplomacy of European Union. Relaţii internaţionale. Plus, 2019, vol. 2 (16), pp. 190-202. URL: https://ibn.idsi.md/sites/ default/files/imag_file/190-202_0.pdfBjola C., Jiang L. Social Media and Public Diplomacy: A Comparative Analysis of the Digital Diplomatic Strategies of the EU, US and Japan in China. Digital Diplomacy: Theory and Practice. New York, Routledge, 2015, pp. 71-88.Bond I., Godement F., Maull H., Stanzel V. Rebooting Europe’s China Strategy. Berlin, German Institute for International and Security Affairs, 2022. URL: https://www.institutmontaigne.org/ressources/ pdfs/publications/note-rebooting-europes-chinastrategy.pdfChaban N., Elgström O. A Perceptual Approach to EU Public Diplomacy: Investigating Collaborative Diplomacy in EU-Ukraine Relations. The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, 2020, vol. 15 (4), pp. 488-516.Crookes P. EU Soft Power with China: Technical Assistance in the Field of Intellectual Property Rights. European Foreign Affairs Review, 2014, vol. 19, pp. 77-96.Cull N.J. Public Diplomacy: Foundations for Global Engagement in the Digital Age. Cambridge, Polity Press, 2019. 272 p.Cull N.J. Public Diplomacy: Taxonomies and Histories. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 2008, vol. 616, no. 1, pp. 31-54.Cull N.J. The Long Road to Public Diplomacy 2.0: The Internet in US Public Diplomacy. International Studies Review, 2013, vol. 15 (1), pp. 123-139.De Martino M. Promotion of Political Values Through International Programs of Academic Mobility. RUDN Journal of Political Science, 2020, vol. 2, pp. 312-319.De Martino M. The Jean Monnet Programme as a Tool to Reinforce the Role of the EU as a Regional and Global Actor. RUDN Journal of Political Science, 2015, vol. 1, pp. 28-38.Duke S. The European External Action Service and Public Diplomacy. Discussion Papers in Public Diplomacy, 2013, vol. 127. URL: https://www.clingendael.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/The%20European%20External%20Action%20Service%20and %20Public%20Diplomacy_0.pdfEremina Y. «Myagkaya sila» v politike Evropejskogo Soyuza: obrazovatelnyj component [Soft Power in European Union Foreign Policy: Educational Component]. Vestnik Diplomaticheskoj akademii MID Rossii. Rossiya i mir [Herald of the Diplomatic Academy of the MFA of Russia. Russia and the World], 2020, vol. 3, pp. 106-121.EU-China Relations Factsheet. The Diplomatic Service of the European Union, 2022, 1 April. URL: https://www.eeas.europa.eu/sites/default/files/ documents/EU-China_Factsheet_01Apr2022.pdfEU-China Strategic Outlook: Commission and HR/VP Contribution to the European Council (21– 22 March 2019). European Commission, 2019, 12 March. URL: https://commission.europa.eu/ system/files/2019-03/communication-eu-china-astrategic-outlook.pdfEU Policy and Outreach Partnership in China (EUPOP China). Service for Foreign Policy Instruments. URL: https://partnership-instrumentmap.ec.europa.eu/#:~:text=The%20PI’s%20 budget%20for%202014,strategic%20interest%20 to%20the%20EUFanoulis E., Revelas K. The Conceptual Dimensions of EU Public Diplomacy. Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 2023, vol. 31 (1), pp. 50-62.Finnemore M. Constructing Norms of Humanitarian Intervention. The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics. New York, Columbia University Press, 1996, pp. 153-185.Finnemore M., Sikkink K. International Norm Dynamics and Political Change. International Organization, 1998, vol. 4, pp. 887-917.Guceac I., Porcescu S. Diplomaţia publică – componentă indispensabilă a discursului extern în condiţiile globalizării. Akademos, 2010, vol. 1 (16), pp. 6-10.Jepperson R., Wendt A., Katzenstein P.J. Norms, Identity, and Culture in National Security. The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics. New York, Columbia University Press, 1996, pp. 33-78.Hauer-Tyukarkina O.M. Sovremennaya imidzhevaya politika Evropejskogo soyuza [Contemporary Image Policy of the European Union]. Moscow, Goryachaya liniya-Telekom Publ., 2017. 168 p.Kashin V., Shein S., Krasikova L., Melnikova J., Potashev N. Evropejskij soyuz i Kitajskaya Narodnaya Respublika: (ne) strategicheskoe partnerstvo? [The European Union and the People’s Republic of China: A (Non-) Strategic Partnership?]. Rossijskij sovet po mezhdunarodnym delam [Russian International Affairs Council], 2022. URL: https://russiancouncil.ru/ papers/RIAC-EU-China-WorkingPaper65ru.pdfMarchukov A.N. «Publichnaya diplomatiya 2.0» kak instrument vneshnepoliticheskoj deyatelnosti [Public Diplomacy 2.0 as a Tool of Foreign Political Activity]. Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija [Science Journal of Volgograd State University. History. Regional Studies. International Relations], 2014, vol. 4, pp. 104-113. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2014.4.10Marchukov A.N. Sovremennye vyzovy dlya publichnoj diplomatii ES [Contemporary Challenges for EU Public Diplomacy]. Sovremennaya Evropa [Modern Europe], 2022, vol. 6, pp. 51-66. DOI: 10.31857/ S0201708322060043Manor I. Are We There Yet: Have MFAs Realized the Potential of Digital Diplomacy? Brill, Leiden, 2016. 110 p.Manners I. Normative Power Europe: A Contradiction in Terms? Journal of Common Market Studies, 2002, vol. 40 (2), pp. 235-258.Manners I., WhitmanR. Normative Power and the Future of EU Public Diplomacy. European Public Diplomacy: Soft Power at Work. New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2013. pp. 183-203.Nitoiu С., Pasatoiu F. Public Diplomacy and the Persistence of the Conflict and Cooperation Dichotomy in EU-Russia Relations. Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 2023, pp. 21-34. DOI: 10.1080/14782804.2022.2100983Pamment J. Public Diplomacy. The International Encyclopedia of Strategic Communication. Boston, Wiley-Blackwell, 2018, pp. 1-12. URL: https://doi.org/ 10.1002/9781119010722. iesc0138Predatu E. Delimitări ale diplomaţiei publice. Analele Universităţii Creştine “Dimitrie Cantemir”, 2010. vol. 2, pp. 160-168. URL: https://istorie.ucdc.ro/ revcad/aucdci2-2010.pdfRomanova T. Evrosoyuz как normativnaya sila i problemy ее vospriyatiya v Rossii как bar’er naputi politiko-pravovogo sblizheniya [The European Union as a Normative Power and the Problems of its Perception in Russia as a Barrier on the Way to the Political and Legal Alignment]. Vestnik SanktPeterburgskogo universiteta [The Bulletin of Saint Petersburg University. International Relations], 2011, vol. 6 (1), pp. 52-66.Romanova T.A., Pavlova E.B. Ot grazhdanskoj (myagkoj) i normativnoj sily k stressoustojchivosti (resilience): evolyuciya idejnyh osnov vneshnej deyatelnosti Evrosoyuza [From Civil (Soft) and Normative Power to Stress Resistance (Resilience): The Evolution of the Ideological Foundations of the European Union]. Mezhdunarodnye processy [International Processes], 2018, vol. 16, pp. 73-90. DOI: 10.17994/IT.2018.16.2.53.5Saliu H. The Specifics and Complexity of EU Public Diplomacy. Social Science Forum, 2021, vol. 37, pp. 189-207.Sihao X. EU Digital Diplomacy in China. The European Institute for Asian Studies, 2022, 31 August. URL: https://eias.org/publications/eu-digitaldiplomacy-in-china/Song W., Ai W. Role Conflict, Its Compromise, and the European Union’s Public Diplomacy in China. Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 2023, vol. 31 (1), pp. 35-49. DOI: 10.1080/14782804.2022. 2056731Sutyrin V.V. Transformaciya Vostochnogo partnerstva ES posle 2014 goda [Transformation of the EU Eastern Partnership After 2014]. Sovremennaya Evropa, 2020, vol. 2, pp. 111-122. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/ 10.15211/soveurope22020111122Thiel M. EU Public Diplomacy in the United States: Sociopolitical Challenges & EU Delegation Agency. Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 2023, vol. 31 (1), pp. 8-20.Taylor M. Inside the EU–China Human Rights Dialogue: Assessing the Practical Delivery of the EU’s Normative Power in a Hostile Environment. Journal of European Integration, 2022, vol. 44, pp. 365-380.The Official Account of Delegation of the European Union to the People’s Republic of China on Weibo. URL: https://www.weibo.com/euinchinaWendt A. Social Theory of International Politics. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1999. 447 p.Wiseman G. Isolate or Engage Adversarial States, US Foreign Policy, and Public Diplomacy. Stanford, Stanford University Press, 2015. 327 p.Who We Are. The Delegation of the European Union to the People’s Republic of China, 2021, 2 August. URL: https://www.eeas.europa.eu/ china/european-union-and-china_en?s=166Yang Y. Does the Academic Programme Work? The Jean Monnet Programme and European Union Public Diplomacy. Journal of European Integration, 2015, vol. 37, pp. 611-628.Zhang L. Research Progress in Chinese Perceptions of the EU: A Critical Review and Methodological Reflection. Asia Europe Journal, 2020, vol. 18 (1), pp. 17-36.Zonova T.V. Publichnaya diplomatiya Evropejskogo soyuza [Public Diplomacy of European Union]. Publichnaya diplomatiya: teoriya i praktika [Public Diplomacy: Theory and Practice]. Moscow, Aspekt Press, 2017, pp. 70-88.Abratis J. Communicating Europe Abroad: EU Delegations and Public Diplomacy. Los Angeles, Figueroa Press, 2021. 62 p.Baumler B. EU Public Diplomacy: Adapting to an Ever-Changing World. Los Angeles, Figueroa Press, 2019. 54 p.Beniuc L., Beniuc V. The Public Diplomacy of European Union. Relaţii internaţionale. Plus, 2019, vol. 2 (16), pp. 190-202. URL: https://ibn.idsi.md/sites/ default/files/imag_file/190-202_0.pdfBjola C., Jiang L. Social Media and Public Diplomacy: A Comparative Analysis of the Digital Diplomatic Strategies of the EU, US and Japan in China. Digital Diplomacy: Theory and Practice. New York, Routledge, 2015, pp. 71-88.Bond I., Godement F., Maull H., Stanzel V. Rebooting Europe’s China Strategy. Berlin, German Institute for International and Security Affairs, 2022. URL: https://www.institutmontaigne.org/ressources/ pdfs/publications/note-rebooting-europes-chinastrategy.pdfChaban N., Elgström O. A Perceptual Approach to EU Public Diplomacy: Investigating Collaborative Diplomacy in EU-Ukraine Relations. The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, 2020, vol. 15 (4), pp. 488-516.Crookes P. EU Soft Power with China: Technical Assistance in the Field of Intellectual Property Rights. European Foreign Affairs Review, 2014, vol. 19, pp. 77-96.Cull N.J. Public Diplomacy: Foundations for Global Engagement in the Digital Age. Cambridge, Polity Press, 2019. 272 p.Cull N.J. Public Diplomacy: Taxonomies and Histories. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 2008, vol. 616, no. 1, pp. 31-54.Cull N.J. The Long Road to Public Diplomacy 2.0: The Internet in US Public Diplomacy. International Studies Review, 2013, vol. 15 (1), pp. 123-139.De Martino M. Promotion of Political Values Through International Programs of Academic Mobility. RUDN Journal of Political Science, 2020, vol. 2, pp. 312-319.De Martino M. The Jean Monnet Programme as a Tool to Reinforce the Role of the EU as a Regional and Global Actor. RUDN Journal of Political Science, 2015, vol. 1, pp. 28-38.Duke S. The European External Action Service and Public Diplomacy. Discussion Papers in Public Diplomacy, 2013, vol. 127. URL: https://www.clingendael.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/The%20European%20External%20Action%20Service%20and %20Public%20Diplomacy_0.pdfEremina Y. «Myagkaya sila» v politike Evropejskogo Soyuza: obrazovatelnyj component [Soft Power in European Union Foreign Policy: Educational Component]. Vestnik Diplomaticheskoj akademii MID Rossii. Rossiya i mir [Herald of the Diplomatic Academy of the MFA of Russia. Russia and the World], 2020, vol. 3, pp. 106-121.EU-China Relations Factsheet. The Diplomatic Service of the European Union, 2022, 1 April. URL: https://www.eeas.europa.eu/sites/default/files/ documents/EU-China_Factsheet_01Apr2022.pdfEU-China Strategic Outlook: Commission and HR/VP Contribution to the European Council (21– 22 March 2019). European Commission, 2019, 12 March. URL: https://commission.europa.eu/ system/files/2019-03/communication-eu-china-astrategic-outlook.pdfEU Policy and Outreach Partnership in China (EUPOP China). Service for Foreign Policy Instruments. URL: https://partnership-instrumentmap.ec.europa.eu/#:~:text=The%20PI’s%20 budget%20for%202014,strategic%20interest%20 to%20the%20EUFanoulis E., Revelas K. The Conceptual Dimensions of EU Public Diplomacy. Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 2023, vol. 31 (1), pp. 50-62.Finnemore M. Constructing Norms of Humanitarian Intervention. The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics. New York, Columbia University Press, 1996, pp. 153-185.Finnemore M., Sikkink K. International Norm Dynamics and Political Change. International Organization, 1998, vol. 4, pp. 887-917.Guceac I., Porcescu S. Diplomaţia publică – componentă indispensabilă a discursului extern în condiţiile globalizării. Akademos, 2010, vol. 1 (16), pp. 6-10.Jepperson R., Wendt A., Katzenstein P.J. Norms, Identity, and Culture in National Security. The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics. New York, Columbia University Press, 1996, pp. 33-78.Hauer-Tyukarkina O.M. Sovremennaya imidzhevaya politika Evropejskogo soyuza [Contemporary Image Policy of the European Union]. Moscow, Goryachaya liniya-Telekom Publ., 2017. 168 p.Kashin V., Shein S., Krasikova L., Melnikova J., Potashev N. Evropejskij soyuz i Kitajskaya Narodnaya Respublika: (ne) strategicheskoe partnerstvo? [The European Union and the People’s Republic of China: A (Non-) Strategic Partnership?]. Rossijskij sovet po mezhdunarodnym delam [Russian International Affairs Council], 2022. URL: https://russiancouncil.ru/ papers/RIAC-EU-China-WorkingPaper65ru.pdfMarchukov A.N. «Publichnaya diplomatiya 2.0» kak instrument vneshnepoliticheskoj deyatelnosti [Public Diplomacy 2.0 as a Tool of Foreign Political Activity]. Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija [Science Journal of Volgograd State University. History. Regional Studies. International Relations], 2014, vol. 4, pp. 104-113. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2014.4.10Marchukov A.N. Sovremennye vyzovy dlya publichnoj diplomatii ES [Contemporary Challenges for EU Public Diplomacy]. Sovremennaya Evropa [Modern Europe], 2022, vol. 6, pp. 51-66. DOI: 10.31857/ S0201708322060043Manor I. Are We There Yet: Have MFAs Realized the Potential of Digital Diplomacy? Brill, Leiden, 2016. 110 p.Manners I. Normative Power Europe: A Contradiction in Terms? Journal of Common Market Studies, 2002, vol. 40 (2), pp. 235-258.Manners I., WhitmanR. Normative Power and the Future of EU Public Diplomacy. European Public Diplomacy: Soft Power at Work. New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2013. pp. 183-203.Nitoiu С., Pasatoiu F. Public Diplomacy and the Persistence of the Conflict and Cooperation Dichotomy in EU-Russia Relations. Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 2023, pp. 21-34. DOI: 10.1080/14782804.2022.2100983Pamment J. Public Diplomacy. The International Encyclopedia of Strategic Communication. Boston, Wiley-Blackwell, 2018, pp. 1-12. URL: https://doi.org/ 10.1002/9781119010722. iesc0138Predatu E. Delimitări ale diplomaţiei publice. Analele Universităţii Creştine “Dimitrie Cantemir”, 2010. vol. 2, pp. 160-168. URL: https://istorie.ucdc.ro/ revcad/aucdci2-2010.pdfRomanova T. Evrosoyuz как normativnaya sila i problemy ее vospriyatiya v Rossii как bar’er naputi politiko-pravovogo sblizheniya [The European Union as a Normative Power and the Problems of its Perception in Russia as a Barrier on the Way to the Political and Legal Alignment]. Vestnik SanktPeterburgskogo universiteta [The Bulletin of Saint Petersburg University. International Relations], 2011, vol. 6 (1), pp. 52-66.Romanova T.A., Pavlova E.B. Ot grazhdanskoj (myagkoj) i normativnoj sily k stressoustojchivosti (resilience): evolyuciya idejnyh osnov vneshnej deyatelnosti Evrosoyuza [From Civil (Soft) and Normative Power to Stress Resistance (Resilience): The Evolution of the Ideological Foundations of the European Union]. Mezhdunarodnye processy [International Processes], 2018, vol. 16, pp. 73-90. DOI: 10.17994/IT.2018.16.2.53.5Saliu H. The Specifics and Complexity of EU Public Diplomacy. Social Science Forum, 2021, vol. 37, pp. 189-207.Sihao X. EU Digital Diplomacy in China. The European Institute for Asian Studies, 2022, 31 August. URL: https://eias.org/publications/eu-digitaldiplomacy-in-china/Song W., Ai W. Role Conflict, Its Compromise, and the European Union’s Public Diplomacy in China. Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 2023, vol. 31 (1), pp. 35-49. DOI: 10.1080/14782804.2022. 2056731Sutyrin V.V. Transformaciya Vostochnogo partnerstva ES posle 2014 goda [Transformation of the EU Eastern Partnership After 2014]. Sovremennaya Evropa, 2020, vol. 2, pp. 111-122. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/ 10.15211/soveurope22020111122Thiel M. EU Public Diplomacy in the United States: Sociopolitical Challenges & EU Delegation Agency. Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 2023, vol. 31 (1), pp. 8-20.Taylor M. Inside the EU–China Human Rights Dialogue: Assessing the Practical Delivery of the EU’s Normative Power in a Hostile Environment. Journal of European Integration, 2022, vol. 44, pp. 365-380.The Official Account of Delegation of the European Union to the People’s Republic of China on Weibo. URL: https://www.weibo.com/euinchinaWendt A. Social Theory of International Politics. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1999. 447 p.Wiseman G. Isolate or Engage Adversarial States, US Foreign Policy, and Public Diplomacy. Stanford, Stanford University Press, 2015. 327 p.Who We Are. The Delegation of the European Union to the People’s Republic of China, 2021, 2 August. URL: https://www.eeas.europa.eu/ china/european-union-and-china_en?s=166Yang Y. Does the Academic Programme Work? The Jean Monnet Programme and European Union Public Diplomacy. Journal of European Integration, 2015, vol. 37, pp. 611-628.Zhang L. Research Progress in Chinese Perceptions of the EU: A Critical Review and Methodological Reflection. Asia Europe Journal, 2020, vol. 18 (1), pp. 17-36.Zonova T.V. Publichnaya diplomatiya Evropejskogo soyuza [Public Diplomacy of European Union]. Publichnaya diplomatiya: teoriya i praktika [Public Diplomacy: Theory and Practice]. Moscow, Aspekt Press, 2017, pp. 70-88.