Вестник Волгоградского государственного университета. Серия 4: История. Регионоведение. Международные отношения1998-99382312-870410.15688/jvolsu4.2024.1.14OtherПолитика США в отношении ООН: кейс миротворческих миссий ООН в Демократической Республике КонгоUSA Policy Towards United Nations: The Case of UN PKOs in the Democratic Republic of CongoПушкинаДарья БулатовнаPushkinaDarya B.d.pushkina@spbu.ru0000-0002-7282-1073КалинаРада ВладимировнаKalinaRada V.brownrada@gmail.com0009-0005-9359-4833Saint Petersburg State University (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation)Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет (г. Санкт-Петербург, Российская Федерация)Freie Universität Berlin (Berlin, Germany)Свободный университет Берлина (г. Берлин, Германия)110320242911571681204202311072023https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/CC BY 4.0

Политика США по отношению к миротворческим операциям ООН менялась в течение существования организации. В данной статье анализируется политика США по отношению к миротворчеству ООН на примере миротворческих операций в Демократической Республике Конго. Рассматриваются официальные речи представителей США, официальные документы ООН касательно миротворческой операции в Конго, академическая литература про отношения США и ООН и миротворческие операции в Конго. Американская политика по отношению к миротворческим операциям ООН в Конго в 1960–1964 гг. и 1999– 2022 гг. проанализирована, чтобы выявить основные тенденции в американском подходе к миротворческим операциям ООН. В статье сделан вывод, что американская политика по отношению к ООН определяется комбинацией национальных интересов страны и идеями американской исключительности. Вклад авторов. Д.Б. Пушкина сформировала исследовательский вектор статьи, проанализировала литературу и официальные документы ООН по отношению к миротворческой операции в Конго, определила методологию исследования. Р.В. Калина проанализировала литературу об отношениях США и ООН, официальные заявления представителей США касательно миротворческих операций ООН в Конго

Introduction. This article examines United States policy towards United Nations Peacekeeping Operations (UN PKOs) by analyzing the U.S. position towards peacekeeping operations in the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo, DRC) to trace the evolution and specific features of this policy over time. The article attempts to answer the question: is U.S. policy toward UN PKOs defined by only national interest, or is there more to it? Methods and materials. The article analyzes U.S. official speeches and documents, UN official documents related to peacekeeping operations in the Democratic Republic of Congo, American foreign policy doctrines, and academic literature on U.S. foreign policy, U.S.-UN relations, and UN PKOs in the DRC. Analysis. American policy towards UN peacekeeping operations in Congo in 1960–1964 and 1999–2022 is analyzed to identify the main trends in the USA’s approach toward UN PKOs. Results. The article concludes that U.S. policy towards the United Nations is defined by the combination of the national interest of the country and the ideas of American exceptionalism. Authors’ contributions. D. Pushkina defined the research focus of the article, examined academic literature on UN PKOs in Congo and relevant documents, and defined the main vectors of the research. R. Kalina examined academic literature about U.S.-UN relations, analyzed official U.S. statements on UN peacekeeping operations in Congo, and made conclusions.

внешняя политика СШАОрганизация Обьединенных Нацийоперации ООН по поддержанию мираотношения США и ООНмиротворческие операции ООН в Демократической республике КонгоAmerican foreign policyUnited NationsUN peacekeepingU.S.-UN relationsUN PKOs in Democratic Republic of CongoAdamova N.E. The Coinage of the Term American Exceptionalism and its Original Meanings. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2017, vol. 62, iss. 1, pp. 106-119. DOI: 10.21638/11701/spbu02.2017.109Address Before the 15th General Assembly of the United Nations, New York City. The American Presidency Project. URL: https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/address-before-the-15th-general-assembly-of-the-united-nations-new-york-cityAddress before the 18th General Assembly of the United Nations, September 20, 1963. JFK Library. URL: https://www.jfklibrary.org/archives/other-resources/john-f-kennedy-speeches/united-nations-19630920Aksu E. The United Nations, Intra-State Peacekeeping and Normative Change. Manchester, Manchester University Press, 2003. 241 p.Bosco D. Course Corrections: The Obama Administration at the United Nations. The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, 2011, vol. 6, no. 3-4, pp. 335-349. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/187119111X587884Clinton Expresses Support for Peacekeeping. URL: https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/report/5358/drc-clinton-expresses-support-peacekeepingCohen B.V. The Impact of the United Nations on United States Foreign Policy. International Organization, 1951, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 274-281. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818300015320Cronin B. The Paradox of Hegemony: America's Ambiguous Relationship with the United Nations. European Journal of International Relations, 2001, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 103-130. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066101007001004Diehl P. Triage or Substitution?: The Changing Face of UN Peacekeeping in the Era of Trump and Nationalism. International Peacekeeping, 2019, vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 540-554. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13533312.2019.1677287Diehl P., Druckman D. Multiple Peacekeeping Missions: Analysing Interdependence. International Peacekeeping, 2018, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 28-51. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13533312.2017.1346474Diehl P., Mueller G., Druckman D. Juggling Several Balls at Once: Multiple Missions in MONUC. Global Governance, 2021, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 493-516. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/19426720-02704003Donald Trump Scales Back the UN's Peace-Keeping in Congo. URL: https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2017/04/08/donald-trump-scales-back-the-uns-peace-keeping-in-congoDurch W.J., ed. The Evolution of UN Peacekeeping: Case Studies and Comparative Analysis. New York, St. Martin's Press, 1993. 511 p.Durch W.J., ed. UN Peacekeeping, American Policy and the Uncivil Wars of the 1990s (A Stimson Center Book). Palgrave Macmillan, 1996. 512 p.Durch W.J., ed. Twenty-First-Century Peace Operations. United States Institute of Peace, 2007. 660 p.Fragile States Index 201. URL: fundforpeace.org/2019/04/10/fragile-states-index-2019/Gibbs D.N. The United Nations, International Peacekeeping and the Question of 'Impartiality': Revisiting the Congo Operation of 1960. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 2000, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 359-382. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X00003384Hemmert S.G. Peace-Keeping Missions SOFAs: U.S. Interests in Criminal Jurisdiction. B.U. INT'L L.J., 1999, pp. 215-238.Holt V.K., Mackinnon M.G. The Origins and Evolution of US Policy Towards Peace Operations. International Peacekeeping, 2008, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 18-34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13533310701879860Howard L.M. Sources of Change in United States-United Nations Relations. Global Governance, 2010, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 485-503.ICC Sentences Former Congolese Vice-President Bemba to 18 Years in Prison for War Crimes. URL: https://www.un.org/africarenewal/news/icc-sentences-former-congolese-vice-president-bemba-18-years-prison-war-crimesIntervention Brigade: End Game in the Congo? URL: http://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/august-2013/intervention-brigade-end-game-congoMacqueen N. The United Nations: Peace Operations and the Cold War. London, Routledge, 2017. 224 p.Mandate For U.N. Is Asked by Rusk; New Congo Plan Favored by Rusk. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1961/02/07/archives/stronger-congo-mandate-for-un-is-asked-by-rusk-new-congo-plan.htmlMazov S.V. Kholodnaya voyna v «serdtse Afriki»: SSSR i Kongolezskiy krizis. 1960–1964 [The Cold War in the "Heart of Africa": The USSR and the Congolese Crisis. 1960–1964]. Moscow, Un-t Dmitriia Pozharskogo, 2015. 312 p.MONUSCO Fact Sheet. URL: https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/mission/monuscoO'Neill J.T., Rees N. United Nations Peacekeeping in the Post-Cold War Era. Routledge, 2005. 228 p.Orwa K.D. Responses of the United Nations and the United States to the Congo Crisis: Events and Issues: Thesis. University of Akron, 1979. URL: http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/handle/11295/27208Puchala D.J. World Hegemony and the United Nations. International Studies Review, 2005, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 571-584.Pushkina D.B., Khazanova A.L. The United States Policy Towards UN Peacekeeping Operations Under the Trump Administration. Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya 4. Istoriya. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya [Science Journal of Volgograd State University. History. Area Studies. International Relations], 2022, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 126-136. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2022.2.11Restoring American Engagement: Priorities for the Biden Administration to Improve United Nations Peace Operations. URL: https://www.stimson.org/2021/restoring-american-engagement-un-peace-operations/Rosen A. Getting Congo Right: Can the West Fix Past Failures? World Affairs, 2013, vol. 176, no. 3, pp. 85-91.Secretary Hillary Clinton Visits Eastern Congo – United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. URL: https://www.ushmm.org/genocide-prevention/blog/secretary-hillary-clinton-visits-eastern-congoStearns J. Dancing in the Glory of Monsters: The Collapse of the Congo and the Great War of Africa. New York, Public Affairs, 2012. 416 p.S/RES/143(1960) – Resolution 143 (1960) of 14 July 1960. URL: https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/112108S/RES/2098 (2013) – United Nations Security Council Resolution 2098 (2013). URL: https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/747650S/RES/1279 (1999) – United Nations Security Council Resolution 1279 (1999). URL: https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/384901S/RES/1291 (2000) – United Nations Security Council Resolution 1291 (2000). URL: https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/408364S/RES/1856 (2008) – United Nations Security Council Resolution 1856 (2008). URL: https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/644491United Nations Security Council Report S/2010/164 (2010). URL: https://monuc.unmissions.org/sites/default/files/n1029069.pdfUnited Nations Security Council Report S/2010/288 (2010). URL: https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/CAC%20S%202010%20288.pdfAdamova N.E. The Coinage of the Term American Exceptionalism and its Original Meanings. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2017, vol. 62, iss. 1, pp. 106-119. DOI: 10.21638/11701/spbu02.2017.109Address Before the 15th General Assembly of the United Nations, New York City. The American Presidency Project. URL: https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/address-before-the-15th-general-assembly-of-the-united-nations-new-york-cityAddress before the 18th General Assembly of the United Nations, September 20, 1963. JFK Library. URL: https://www.jfklibrary.org/archives/other-resources/john-f-kennedy-speeches/united-nations-19630920Aksu E. The United Nations, Intra-State Peacekeeping and Normative Change. Manchester, Manchester University Press, 2003. 241 p.Bosco D. Course Corrections: The Obama Administration at the United Nations. The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, 2011, vol. 6, no. 3-4, pp. 335-349. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/187119111X587884Clinton Expresses Support for Peacekeeping. URL: https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/report/5358/drc-clinton-expresses-support-peacekeepingCohen B.V. The Impact of the United Nations on United States Foreign Policy. International Organization, 1951, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 274-281. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818300015320Cronin B. The Paradox of Hegemony: America's Ambiguous Relationship with the United Nations. European Journal of International Relations, 2001, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 103-130. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066101007001004Diehl P. Triage or Substitution?: The Changing Face of UN Peacekeeping in the Era of Trump and Nationalism. International Peacekeeping, 2019, vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 540-554. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13533312.2019.1677287Diehl P., Druckman D. Multiple Peacekeeping Missions: Analysing Interdependence. International Peacekeeping, 2018, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 28-51. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13533312.2017.1346474Diehl P., Mueller G., Druckman D. Juggling Several Balls at Once: Multiple Missions in MONUC. Global Governance, 2021, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 493-516. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/19426720-02704003Donald Trump Scales Back the UN's Peace-Keeping in Congo. URL: https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2017/04/08/donald-trump-scales-back-the-uns-peace-keeping-in-congoDurch W.J., ed. The Evolution of UN Peacekeeping: Case Studies and Comparative Analysis. New York, St. Martin's Press, 1993. 511 p.Durch W.J., ed. UN Peacekeeping, American Policy and the Uncivil Wars of the 1990s (A Stimson Center Book). Palgrave Macmillan, 1996. 512 p.Durch W.J., ed. Twenty-First-Century Peace Operations. United States Institute of Peace, 2007. 660 p.Fragile States Index 201. URL: fundforpeace.org/2019/04/10/fragile-states-index-2019/Gibbs D.N. The United Nations, International Peacekeeping and the Question of 'Impartiality': Revisiting the Congo Operation of 1960. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 2000, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 359-382. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X00003384Hemmert S.G. Peace-Keeping Missions SOFAs: U.S. Interests in Criminal Jurisdiction. B.U. INT'L L.J., 1999, pp. 215-238.Holt V.K., Mackinnon M.G. The Origins and Evolution of US Policy Towards Peace Operations. International Peacekeeping, 2008, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 18-34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13533310701879860Howard L.M. Sources of Change in United States-United Nations Relations. Global Governance, 2010, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 485-503.ICC Sentences Former Congolese Vice-President Bemba to 18 Years in Prison for War Crimes. URL: https://www.un.org/africarenewal/news/icc-sentences-former-congolese-vice-president-bemba-18-years-prison-war-crimesIntervention Brigade: End Game in the Congo? URL: http://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/august-2013/intervention-brigade-end-game-congoMacqueen N. The United Nations: Peace Operations and the Cold War. London, Routledge, 2017. 224 p.Mandate For U.N. Is Asked by Rusk; New Congo Plan Favored by Rusk. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/1961/02/07/archives/stronger-congo-mandate-for-un-is-asked-by-rusk-new-congo-plan.htmlMazov S.V. Kholodnaya voyna v «serdtse Afriki»: SSSR i Kongolezskiy krizis. 1960–1964 [The Cold War in the "Heart of Africa": The USSR and the Congolese Crisis. 1960–1964]. Moscow, Un-t Dmitriia Pozharskogo, 2015. 312 p.MONUSCO Fact Sheet. URL: https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/mission/monuscoO'Neill J.T., Rees N. United Nations Peacekeeping in the Post-Cold War Era. Routledge, 2005. 228 p.Orwa K.D. Responses of the United Nations and the United States to the Congo Crisis: Events and Issues: Thesis. University of Akron, 1979. URL: http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/handle/11295/27208Puchala D.J. World Hegemony and the United Nations. International Studies Review, 2005, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 571-584.Pushkina D.B., Khazanova A.L. The United States Policy Towards UN Peacekeeping Operations Under the Trump Administration. Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya 4. Istoriya. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya [Science Journal of Volgograd State University. History. Area Studies. International Relations], 2022, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 126-136. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2022.2.11Restoring American Engagement: Priorities for the Biden Administration to Improve United Nations Peace Operations. URL: https://www.stimson.org/2021/restoring-american-engagement-un-peace-operations/Rosen A. Getting Congo Right: Can the West Fix Past Failures? World Affairs, 2013, vol. 176, no. 3, pp. 85-91.Secretary Hillary Clinton Visits Eastern Congo – United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. URL: https://www.ushmm.org/genocide-prevention/blog/secretary-hillary-clinton-visits-eastern-congoStearns J. Dancing in the Glory of Monsters: The Collapse of the Congo and the Great War of Africa. New York, Public Affairs, 2012. 416 p.S/RES/143(1960) – Resolution 143 (1960) of 14 July 1960. URL: https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/112108S/RES/2098 (2013) – United Nations Security Council Resolution 2098 (2013). URL: https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/747650S/RES/1279 (1999) – United Nations Security Council Resolution 1279 (1999). URL: https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/384901S/RES/1291 (2000) – United Nations Security Council Resolution 1291 (2000). URL: https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/408364S/RES/1856 (2008) – United Nations Security Council Resolution 1856 (2008). URL: https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/644491United Nations Security Council Report S/2010/164 (2010). URL: https://monuc.unmissions.org/sites/default/files/n1029069.pdfUnited Nations Security Council Report S/2010/288 (2010). URL: https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/CAC%20S%202010%20288.pdf

The authors express special thanks to Roman Shcherbakov (Saint Petersburg State University, Russian Federation) for editing and research assistance.